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| Satellite image of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area (Photo credit: Wikipedia) |
No one alive at the close of the 19th century could have
missed the "scramble for Africa". A motley collection of robber barons,
imperialist ideologues, explorers, rogues and adventurers - the likes of
Cecil Rhodes and the appalling Leopold II, King of the Belgians -
carved up the continent in the name of five European powers.
Today, few appear to have noticed that a second "scramble
for Africa" is under way. This time, only one giant country is involved,
but its ambitions are every bit as momentous as those of Rhodes and
company. With every day that passes, China's economic tentacles extend
deeper into Africa. While Europe sought direct political control, China
is acquiring a vast and informal economic empire.
Reliable information on Beijing's African adventure is hard
to come by. But we do know that trade between China and the world's
poorest continent totalled about £30 billion last year - a sixfold
increase since 2000.
China now buys about one third of its oil from Africa,
mainly from Angola, where an £800 million deal to develop a new field
was signed last May, and from Sudan, where Beijing built a 900-mile
pipeline and invested at least £8 billion. China is spending another
£1.2 billion on a new offshore oilfield in Nigeria.
Meanwhile, Beijing has acquired mines in Zambia, textile
factories in Lesotho, railways in Uganda, timber in the Central African
Republic and retail developments in almost every capital.
The reasoning behind China's new focus on Africa is simple.
If its economic boom is to be sustained, Beijing must find more raw
materials and new markets for manufactured goods. Chinese oil
consumption is forecast to grow by at least 10 per cent every year for
the foreseeable future. At this level of demand, its domestic reserves
will vanish within 20 years.
Hence the quest for overseas oil. Yet Beijing's options are limited. America and the Western powers have already snapped up the world's largest oil reserves. Saudi Arabia and Iraq - with 45 per cent of the world's oil between them - are in effect closed to China.
So the less developed tracts of Africa are an obvious target. Sudan's six billion barrels of proven reserves - with more still to be discovered - have become of vital strategic significance to China.
These facts are of deep concern to many Africans. Their governments may welcome Chinese investment, but Africa's independent voices do not share this enthusiasm. The consequences of China's new role there have already been catastrophic.
Thanks to Beijing's interest in Sudan's oil, President Omar al-Bashir's regime in Khartoum has received a windfall. Ten years ago, Sudan's oil revenues were negligible; last year, Chinese investment ensured that they totalled at least £3 billion.
Without this ready cash, Mr Bashir could never have sustained the war in Darfur, where four years of fighting have claimed about 300,000 lives, either from violence, starvation or disease. The military machine that has laid waste to vast tracts of land, forcing hundreds of thousands to flee their homes, was, in effect, bankrolled by Beijing. Moreover, China has sold weapons directly to Sudan, notably Fantan ground attack aircraft.
Elsewhere, China provides a convenient alternative for African leaders spurned by the West for their human rights abuses. Devoid of aid and foreign investment, President Robert Mugabe's regime in Zimbabwe would be entirely isolated but for China's backing. Beijing has given Mugabe civilian and military aircraft, and its experts helped design a new mansion for the old dictator, in the style of a Chinese pagoda.
Yesterday, the Chinese government assured Lord Malloch-Brown, the Foreign Office minister responsible for Africa and Asia, that any future aid for Zimbabwe would be purely humanitarian. Whether China will keep this promise is another matter: Mugabe's Zanu-PF has received Chinese money for at least 30 years; Zanu-PF's national headquarters in Harare - found, aptly enough, on Rotten Row - was built by China.
The harsh truth is that Beijing has become the ally of choice for Africa's worst rulers. While China likes to portray itself as a benign force in Africa, free of the historical baggage carried by the former colonial powers, Beijing's conduct is already resented.
During last year's presidential election in Zambia, the leading opposition candidate, Michael Sata, campaigned on an explicitly anti-Chinese ticket. Beijing's investment was, Mr Sata argued, almost entirely worthless for Zambia.
Yes, China had reopened some copper mines, but the workers were being exploited and all health and safety regulations ignored. An industrial accident at one Chinese-run mine claimed 46 lives in 2005. Later, workers rioted over low wages and poor conditions. Meanwhile, local companies were being driven out of business by cheap imports.
While Mr Sata lost the election overall, he won huge majorities in all the areas of Zambia affected by Chinese investment. His defeat prompted a day of anti-Chinese riots in the capital, Lusaka. Every Chinese-owned shop in the city was barricaded to avoid being looted. Meanwhile, shops owned by whites or Asians carried on trading without incident.
Even inside Mugabe's crumbling domain, it has not gone unnoticed that all three MA-60 aircraft supplied by China to Air Zimbabwe have a terrifying history of engine fires and emergency landings.
While Americans and Europeans have only just encountered shoddy Chinese consumer goods, ordinary Zimbabweans talk of "zing zong" products - by which they mean exports from China which have a tendency to break in your hands.
Like all empires, China's economic domain in Africa is stirring deep resentment. The wonder is that it has happened so quickly, and where the scramble will end.
Source : Here
Hence the quest for overseas oil. Yet Beijing's options are limited. America and the Western powers have already snapped up the world's largest oil reserves. Saudi Arabia and Iraq - with 45 per cent of the world's oil between them - are in effect closed to China.
So the less developed tracts of Africa are an obvious target. Sudan's six billion barrels of proven reserves - with more still to be discovered - have become of vital strategic significance to China.
These facts are of deep concern to many Africans. Their governments may welcome Chinese investment, but Africa's independent voices do not share this enthusiasm. The consequences of China's new role there have already been catastrophic.
Thanks to Beijing's interest in Sudan's oil, President Omar al-Bashir's regime in Khartoum has received a windfall. Ten years ago, Sudan's oil revenues were negligible; last year, Chinese investment ensured that they totalled at least £3 billion.
Without this ready cash, Mr Bashir could never have sustained the war in Darfur, where four years of fighting have claimed about 300,000 lives, either from violence, starvation or disease. The military machine that has laid waste to vast tracts of land, forcing hundreds of thousands to flee their homes, was, in effect, bankrolled by Beijing. Moreover, China has sold weapons directly to Sudan, notably Fantan ground attack aircraft.
Elsewhere, China provides a convenient alternative for African leaders spurned by the West for their human rights abuses. Devoid of aid and foreign investment, President Robert Mugabe's regime in Zimbabwe would be entirely isolated but for China's backing. Beijing has given Mugabe civilian and military aircraft, and its experts helped design a new mansion for the old dictator, in the style of a Chinese pagoda.
Yesterday, the Chinese government assured Lord Malloch-Brown, the Foreign Office minister responsible for Africa and Asia, that any future aid for Zimbabwe would be purely humanitarian. Whether China will keep this promise is another matter: Mugabe's Zanu-PF has received Chinese money for at least 30 years; Zanu-PF's national headquarters in Harare - found, aptly enough, on Rotten Row - was built by China.
The harsh truth is that Beijing has become the ally of choice for Africa's worst rulers. While China likes to portray itself as a benign force in Africa, free of the historical baggage carried by the former colonial powers, Beijing's conduct is already resented.
During last year's presidential election in Zambia, the leading opposition candidate, Michael Sata, campaigned on an explicitly anti-Chinese ticket. Beijing's investment was, Mr Sata argued, almost entirely worthless for Zambia.
Yes, China had reopened some copper mines, but the workers were being exploited and all health and safety regulations ignored. An industrial accident at one Chinese-run mine claimed 46 lives in 2005. Later, workers rioted over low wages and poor conditions. Meanwhile, local companies were being driven out of business by cheap imports.
While Mr Sata lost the election overall, he won huge majorities in all the areas of Zambia affected by Chinese investment. His defeat prompted a day of anti-Chinese riots in the capital, Lusaka. Every Chinese-owned shop in the city was barricaded to avoid being looted. Meanwhile, shops owned by whites or Asians carried on trading without incident.
Even inside Mugabe's crumbling domain, it has not gone unnoticed that all three MA-60 aircraft supplied by China to Air Zimbabwe have a terrifying history of engine fires and emergency landings.
While Americans and Europeans have only just encountered shoddy Chinese consumer goods, ordinary Zimbabweans talk of "zing zong" products - by which they mean exports from China which have a tendency to break in your hands.
Like all empires, China's economic domain in Africa is stirring deep resentment. The wonder is that it has happened so quickly, and where the scramble will end.
Source : Here
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